Department of Fish and Game

MPA Literature

Following is a list of some of the scientific literature regarding marine protected areas. This list, though comprehensive, is not exhaustive. For each article, a link to its abstract is provided. The literature is arranged into several broad subject areas and alphabetically by author within those areas. The subject areas are:

This list was last updated in October, 2004

 

MPA Design

Airamé, S., J.E. Dugan, K.D. Lafferty, H. Leslie, D.A. McArdle, and R.R. Warner. 2003. Applying Ecological Criteria to Marine Reserve Design: A Case Study from the California Channel Islands. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S170-S184.

Agardy, T., P. Bridgewater, M.P. Crosby, J. Day, P.K. Dayton, R. Kenchington, D. Laffoley, P. McConney, P.A. Murray, J.E. Parks, and L. Peau. 2003. Dangerous targets? Unresolved issues and ideological clashes around marine protected areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 13(4): 353-367

Allison, G.W., S.D. Gaines, J. Lubencho, and H.P. Possingham. 2003. Ensuring Persistence of Marine Reserves: Catastrophes Require Adopting an Insurance Factor. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S8-S24.

Baskett, M. L., F. Micheli and S. A. Levin. 2007. Designing marine reserves for interacting species: Insights from theory. Biological Conservation. 137:163-179.

Botsford, L.W., F. Micheli, and A. Hastings. 2003. Principles for the Design of Marine Reserves. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S25-S31

Carr, M.H., J.E. Neigel, J.A. Estes, S. Andelman, R.R. Warner, and J.L. Largier. 2003. Comparing Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems: Implications for the Design of Coastal Marine Reserves. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S90-S107.

Denny, C. M. and R. C. Babcock. 2004. Do partial marine reserves protect reef fish assemblages? Biological Conservation. 116:119-129.

Fernandez, M. and J. C. Castilla. 2005. Marine conservation in Chile: historical perspective, lessons, and challenges. Conservation Biology. 19.

Fraschetti, S., A. Terlizzi, F. Micheli, L. Benedetti-Cecchi and F. Boero. 2002. Marine protected areas in the Mediterranean Sea: Objectives, effectiveness and monitoring. Marine Ecology. 23:190-200.

Gaines, S.D., B. Gaylord, and J.L. Largier. 2003. Avoiding Current Oversights in Marine Reserve Design. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S32-S46.

Guidetti, P. 2002. The importance of experimental design in detecting the effects of protection measures on fish in Mediterranean MPAs. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12: 619-634.

Haren, A. M. 2007. Reducing noise pollution from commercial shipping in the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary: A case study in marine protected area management of underwater noise. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy. 10:153-173.

Hastings, A. and L.W. Botsford. 2003. Comparing Designs of Marine Reserves for Fisheries and for Biodiversity. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S65-S70.

Jones, P. J. 2002. Marine protected area strategies: issues, divergences and the search for middle ground. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 11:197-216.

Karpov, K.A., M.J. Tegner, L. Rogers-Bennett, P.E. Kalvass, I.K. Taniguchi. 2001. Interactions Among Red Abalones and Sea Urchins in Fished and Reserve Sites of Northern California: Implications of Competition to Management. Journal of Shellfish Research. 20(2):743-53.

Koenig, C.C. F.C. Coleman, C.B. Grimes, G.R. Fitzhugh, K.M. Scanlon, C.T. Gledhill, M. Grace. 2000. Protection of fish spawning habitat for the conservation of warm-temperate reef-fish fisheries of shelf-edge reefs of Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 66(3): 593-616.

Kritzer, J. P. 2004. Effects of noncompliance on the success of alternative designs of marine protected area networks for conservation and fisheries management. Conservation Biology. 18:1021-1031.

Leslie, H., M. Ruckelshaus, I.R. Ball, S. Andelman, and H.P. Possingham. 2003. Using Siting Algorithms in the Design of Marine Reserve Networks. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S185-S198.

Murray, S.N., R.F. Ambrose, J.A. Bohnsack, L.W. Botsford, M.H. Carr, G.E. Davis, P.K. Dayton, D. Gotshall, D.R. Gunderson, M.A. Hixon, J. Lubchenco, M. Mangel, A. MacCall, D.A. McArdle, J.C. Ogden, J. Roughgarden, R.M. Starr, M.J. Tegner, M.M. Yoklavich 1999. No-take reserve networks: sustaining fishery populations and marine ecosystems. Fisheries 24(11):11-25.

Neigel, J.E. 2003. Species-Area Relationships and Marine Conservation. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S138-S145.

Palumbi, S.R. 2003. Population Genetics, Demographic Connectivity, and the Design of Marine Reserves. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S146-S158.

Peterson, M. N., M. J. Peterson and T. R. Peterson. 2005. Conservation and the myth of consensus. Conservation Biology. 19:762-767.

Roberts, C.M., G. Branch, R.H. Bustamante, J.C. Castilla, J. Dugan, B.S. Halpern, K.D. Lafferty, H. Leslie, J. Lubchenco, D. McArdle, M. Ruckelshaus, and R.R. Warner. 2003. Application of Ecological Criteria in Selecting Marine Reserves and Developing Reserve Networks. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S215-S228.

Roberts, C.M., S. Andelman, G. Branch, R.H. Bustamante, J.C. Castilla, J. Dugan, B.S. Halpern, K.D. Lafferty, H. Leslie, J. Lubchenco, D. McArdle, H.P. Possingham, M. Ruckelshaus, and R.R. Warner. 2003. Ecological Criteria for Evaluating Candidate Sites for Marine Reserves. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S199-S214.

Rodwell, L.D., E.B. Barbier, C.M. Roberts, and T.R. McClanahan. 2003. The importance of habitat quality for marine reserve - fishery linkages. Canadian Journal Fisheries Aquatic Science 60: 171-181.

Sala, E., O. Aburto-Oropeza, G. Paredes, I. Parra, J.C. Barrera, and P.K. Dayton. 2002. A General Model for Designing Networks of Marine Reserves. Science 298: 1999-1993.

Sladek Nowlis, J., C.M. Roberts. 1999. Fisheries benefits and optimal design of marine reserves. Fishery Bulletin 97: 604-616.

Stefansson, G. and A. A. Rosenberg. 2006. Designing marine protected areas for migrating fish stocks. Journal of Fish Biology. 69:66-78.

Sumaila, U. R., S. Guenette, J. Alder and R. Chuenpagdee. 2000. Addressing ecosystem effects of fishing using marine protected areas. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57:752-760.

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MPA Effectiveness - Inside and Adjacent to MPAs

Babcock, R. C., S. Kelly, N. T. Shears, J. W. Walker and T. J. Willis. 1999. Changes in community structure in temperate marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 189:125-134.

Barrett, N. S., G. J. Edgar, C. D. Buxton and M. Haddon. 2007. Changes in fish assemblages following 10 years of protection in Tasmanian marine protected areas. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 345:141-157.

Bell, J. 1983. Effects of depth and marine reserve fishing restrictions on the structure of a rocky reef fish assemblage in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. The Journal of Applied Ecology. 20:357-369.

Bennett, B. A. and C. G. Attwood. 1991. Evidence for recovery of a surf-zone fish assemblage following the establishment of a marine reserve on the southern coast of South Africa. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 75:173-181.

Blyth-Skyrme, R. E., P. J. Hart, M. J. Kaiser, G. Edwards-Jones and D. Palmer. 2007. Evidence for greater reproductive output per unit area in areas protected from fishing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 64:1284-1289.

Blyth-Skyrme, R. E., M. J. Kaiser, J. G. Hiddink, G. Edwards-Jones and P. J. B. Hart. 2006. Conservation benefits of temperate marine protected areas: variation among fish species. Conservation Biology. 20:811-820.

Cole, R. G., T. M. Ayling and R. G. Creese. 1990. Effects of marine reserve protection at Goat Island, northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 24:197-210.

Cote, I.M., I. Mosqueira, and J.D. Reynolds. 2001. Effects of marine reserve characteristics on the protection of fish populations: a meta-analysis. Journal of Fish Biology 59(A): 178-189.

Diaz, D., M. Zabala, C. Linares, B. Hereu and P. Abello. 2005. Increased predation of juvenile European spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas) in a marine protected area. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 39:447-453.

Frank, K.T., N.L. Shackell, and J.E. Simon. 2000. An evaluation of the Emerald/Western Bank juvenile haddock closed area. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 1023-1034.

Guidetti, P. and E. Sala. 2007. Community-wide effects of marine reserves in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 335:43-56.

Halpern, B.S. 2003. The impact of marine reserves: do reserves work and does reserve size matter? Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S117-S137.

Halpern, B. S. and R. R. Warner. 2002. Marine reserves have rapid and lasting effects. Ecology Letters. 5:361-366.

Kelly, S. and A. B. MacDiarmid. 2003. Movement patterns of mature spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii, from a marine reserve. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 37:149-158.

Lasiak, T. 2006. Spatial variation in density and biomass of patellid limpets inside and outside of a marine protected area. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 72:137-142.

Lindholm, J., P. Auster and P. Valentine. 2004. Role of a large marine protected area for conserving landscape attributes of sand habitats on Georges Bank (NW Atlantic). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 260:61-68.

Lowe, C. G., D. T. Topping, D. P. Cartamil and Y. P. Papastamatiou. 2003. Movement patterns, home range, and habitat utilization of adult kelp bass Paralabrax clathratus in a temperate no-take marine reserve. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 256:205-216.

Martell, S.J.D., C.J. Walters, S.S. Wallace. 2000. The use of marine protected areas for conservation of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus). Bulletin of Marine Science 66(3): 729-743.

Meyer, C. G. 2007. The impacts of spear and other recreational fishers on a small permanent Marine Protected Area and adjacent pulse fished area. Fisheries Research. 84:301-307.

Mosquera, I., I.M. Côté, S. Jennings, and J.D. Reynolds. 2000. Conservation benefits of marine reserves for fish populations. Animal Conservation 4: 321-332.

Paddack, M.J. and J.A. Estes 2000. Kelp forest fish populations in marine reserves and adjacent exploited areas in Central California. Ecological Applications 10(3):855-870.

Parnell, E. P., C. E. Lennert-Cody, L. Geelen, L. D. Stanley and P. K. Dayton. 2005. Effectiveness of a small marine reserve in southern California. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 296:39-52.

Pederson, H. G. and C. R. Johnson. 2006. Predation of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma by rock lobsters (Jasus edwardsii) in no-take marine reserves. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 336:120-134.

Rogers-Bennett, L., P. Haaker, K. Karpov. 2000. Selecting and Evaluating Marine Protected Areas for Abalone in California. Journal of Shellfish Research. 19(1):530-1.

Rogers-Bennett, L., Haaker, P.L., Karpov, K.A., Kushner, D.J. 2002. Using Spatially Explicit Data to Evaluate Marine Protected Areas for Abalone in Southern California. Conservation Biology 16(5): 1308-1317.

Russ, G. R. and A. C. Alcala. 1996. Marine reserves: rates and patterns of recovery and decline of large predatory fish. Ecological Applications. 6:947-961.

Salomon, A. K., J. L. Ruesink and R. E. DeWreede. 2006. Population viability, ecological processes and biodiversity: Valuing sites for reserve selection. Biological Conservation. 128:79-92.

Shears, N. T., R. V. Grace, N. R. Usmar, V. Kerr and R. C. Babcocka. 2006. Long-term trends in lobster populations in a partially protected vs. no-take marine park. Biological Conservation. 132:222-231.

Shears, N.T. and R.C. Babcock. 2002. Marine reserves demonstrate top-down control of community structure on temperate reefs. Oecologia 132:131-142.

Starr, R.M, M.H. Carr, J. Caselle, J.A. Estes, C. Syms, D.A. VenTresca, and M. M. Yoklavich. 2004. A review of the ecological effectiveness of subtidal marine reserves in central California, Part I: Synopsis of Scientific Investigations. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series MSD-04-02. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine Sanctuaries Division, Silver Spring, MD. 128 pp.

Starr, R.M, M.H. Carr, J. Caselle, J.A. Estes, C. Syms, D.A. VenTresca, and M. M. Yoklavich. 2004. A review of the ecological effectiveness of subtidal marine reserves in central California, Part II: Summary of existing marine reserves in central California and their potential benefits. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series MSD-04-03. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine Sanctuaries Division, Silver Spring, MD. 13 pp.

Topping, D. T., C. G. Lowe and J. E. Caselle. 2006. Site fidelity and seasonal movement patterns of adult California sheephead Semicossyphus pulcher (Labridae): an acoustic monitoring study. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 326:257-267.

Topping, D. T., C. G. Lowe and J. E. Caselle. 2005. Home range and habitat utilization of adult California sheephead, Semicossyphus pulcher (Labridae), in a temperate no-take marine reserve. Marine Biology. 147:301-311.

Tuya, F.C., M.L. Soboil, and J. Kido. 2000. An assessment of the effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 1218-1226.

Willis, T.J., R.B. Millar, R.C. Babcock, and N. Tolimieri. 2003. Comment - Burdens of evidence and the benefits of marine reserves: putting Descartes before des horse? Environmental Conservation 30(2): 97-103.

Wallace, S. S. 1999. Evaluating effects of three forms of marine reserve on northern abalone populations in British Columbia, Canada. Conservation Biology. 13:882-887.

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MPA Effectiveness and Fisheries Management

Apostolaki, P., E.J. Milner-Gulland, M.K. McAllister, and G.P. Kirkwood. 2002. Modelling the effects of establishing a marine reserve for mobile fish species. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59: 405-415.

Babcock, R. C., E. K. Pikitch, M. K. McAllister, P. Apostolaki and C. Santora. 2005. A perspective on the use of spatialized indicators for ecosystem-based fishery management through spatial zoning. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 62:469-476.

Bohnsack, J.A.. 2000. A comparison of the short-term impacts of no-take marine reserves and minimum size limits. Bulletin of Marine Science 66(3): 635-650.

Collins, M.R., T.I.J. Smith, W.E. Jenkins, M.R. Denson. 2002. Small Marine Reserves May Increase Escapement of Red Drum. Fisheries 27(2): 20-24.

Cooke, S. J., A. J. Danylchuck, S. E. Danylchuck, C. D. Suski and T. L. Goldberg. 2006. Is catch-and-release recreational angling compatible with no-take marine protected areas? Ocean and Coastal Management. 49:342-354.

Dayton, P.K., E. Sala, M.J. Tegner and S. Thrush. 2000. Marine reserves: Parks, baselines, and fishery enhancement. Bulletin of Marine Science 66(3): 617-634.

Fanshawe, S., G. R. Vanblaricom and A. A. Shelly. 2003. Restored top carnivores as detriments to the performance of marine protected areas intended for fishery sustainability: a case study with red abalones and sea otters. Conservation Biology. 17:273-283.

Field, J. C., A. E. Punt, R. D. Methot and C. J. Thomson. 2006. Does MPA mean 'Major Problem for Assessments'? Considering the consequences of place-based management systems. Fish and Fisheries. 7:284-302.

Francis, R. C., M. A. Hixon, M. E. Clarke, S. A. Murawski and S. Ralston. 2007. Ten commandments for ecosystem-based fisheries scientists. Fisheries. 32:217-233.

Goni, R., A. Quetglas and O. Renones. 2006. Spillover of spiny lobsters Palinurus elephas from a marine reserve to an adjoining fishery. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 308:207-210.

Hastings, A. and L.W. Botsford. 1999. Equivalence in Yield from Marine Reserves and Traditional Fisheries Management. Science 284: 1537-1538.

Hilborn, R. K. Stokesb, J. Maguirec, T. Smith, L.W. Botsford, M. Mangel, J. Orensanz, A. Parma, J. Rice, J. Bell, K.L. Cochrane, S. Garcia, S.J. Hall, G.P. Kirkwood, K. Sainsbury, G. Stefansson, C. Walters. 2004. When can marine reserves improve fisheries management? Ocean and Coastal Management. In Press.

Lubchenco, J., S. Palumbi, S. D. Gaines and S. Andelman. 2003. Plugging a hole in the ocean: the emerging science of marine reserves. Ecological Applications. 13:S3-S7.

Morgan, L. E., L.W. Botsford, C.J. Lundquist, J.F. Quinn. 1999. The potential of no-take reserves to sustain the red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) fishery in northern California. Bulletin of Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Special Issue 62: 83-94.

Murawski, S.A., R. Brown, H-L Lai, P.J. Rago, L. Hendrickson. 2000. Large-scale closed areas as a fishery-management tool in temperate marine systems: The Georges Bank experience. Bulletin of Marine Science 66(3).

National Fisheries Conservation Center (NFCC). Integrating Marine Reserve Science and Fisheries Management. 2004. NFCC Consensus Statement, June 7-9, 2004, Long Beach, California. http://nfcc-fisheries.org/images/uploads/Consensus_Statement.pdf.

Pastoors, M.A., A.D. Rijnsdorp, and F.A. Van Beek. 2000. Effects of a partially closed area in the North Sea (''plaice box'') on stock development of plaice. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 1014-1022.

Quesne, W. J., S. J. Hawkins and J. G. Shepherd. 2007. A comparison of no-take zones and traditional fishery management tools for managing site-attached species with a mixed larval pool. Fish and Fisheries. 8:181-195.

Roberts, C.M., J.A. Bohnsack, F. Gell, J.P. Hawkins and R. Goodridge. 2001. Effects of Marine Reserves on Adjacent Fisheries. Science 294:1920-1923.

Rogers-Bennett, L. 1998. Marine Protected Areas and the Red Urchin Fishery. In Taking a Look at California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future. 1998. Magoon, O.R., H. Converse, B. Baird, M. Miller-Henson, editors. Reston, VA (USA): Vol. 1, pp. 412-423.

Rogers-Bennett, L. and J.S. Pearse. 2001. Indirect Benefits of Marine Protected Areas for Juvenile Abalone. Conservation Biolology. 15(3):642-7.

Russ, G. R., A. C. Alcala, A. P. Maypa, H. P. Calumpong and A. T. White. 2004. Marine reserves benefits local fisheries. Ecological Applications. 14:597-606.

Sanchirico, J.N., and J.E. Wilen. 2002. The Impacts of Marine Reserves on Limited-Entry Fisheries. Natural Resources Modeling 15: 291-310.

Schroeder, D. M. and M. S. Love. 2002. Recreational fishing and marine fish populations in California. CalCOFI Report. 43:182-190.

Schroeter, S.C, D. C. Reed, D. J. Kushner, J. A. Estes, and D. S. Ono. 2001. The use of marine reserves in evaluating the dive fishery for the warty sea cucumber (Parastichopus parvimensis) in California, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58: 1773-1781.

Shipp, R.L. 2000. No Take Marine Protected Areas (nMPAs) as a fishery management tool, a pragmatic perspective. A report to the FishAmerica foundation. 8 pp.

Shipp, R.L. 2003. A Perspective on Marine Reserves as a Fishery Management Tool. Fisheries 28: 10-21.

Smith, M. D., J. Zhang and F. C. C. Coleman. 2006. Effectiveness of marine reserves for large-scale fisheries management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 63:153-164.

Soh, S.K., Dr.R. Gunderson, D.H. Ito. 2001. The potential role of marine reserves in the management of shortraker rockfish (Sebastes borealis) and rougheye rockfish (S. Aleutianus) in the Gulf of Alaska. Fishery Bulletin 99(1): 168-179.

VenTresca, D.A. M.L. Gingras, J. Ugoretz, A. Voss, S. Blair, J. Plant, R. Hornady, C. Yoshiyama. 1997. The potential of marine reserves to enhance fisheries. Taking a Look at California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future, ASCE, Reston, VA (USA), vol.1: 400-411.

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Social and Economic Analysis

Browman, H. I. and K. I. Stergiou. 2005. Politics and socio-economics of ecosystem-based management of marine resources. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 300:241-296.

Compas, E., B. Clarke, C. Cutler and K. Daish. 2007. Murky waters: Media reporting of marine protected areas in South Australia. Marine Policy. 31:691-697.

Dalton, T. M. 2005. Beyond biogeography: a framework for involving the public in planning of U.S. marine protected areas. Conservation Biology. 19:1392-1401.

Dalton, M.T. 2004. An approach for integrating economic impact analysis into the evaluation of potential marine protected area sites. Journal of Environmental Management 70(3): 333-349.

Grafton, R. Q., T. Kompas and V. Schneider. 2005. The bioeconomics of marine reserves: A selected review with policy implications. Journal of Bioeconomics. 7:161-178.

Helvey, M. 2004. Seeking Consensus on Designing Marine Protected Areas: Keeping the Fishing Community Engaged. Coastal Management 32: 173-190.

Petrosillo, I., G. Zurlini, M. E. Corliano, N. Zaccarelli and M. Dadamo. 2007. Tourist perception of recreational environment and management in a marine protected area. Landscape and Urban Planning. 79:29-37.

Salz, R. J. and D. K. Loomis. 2004. Saltwater anglers' attitudes towards marine protected areas. Fisheries. 29:10-17.

Scholz, A., K. Bonzon, R. Fujita, N. Benjamin, N. Woodling, P. black, and C. Streinback. 2004. Participatory socioeconomic analysis: drawing on fishermen's knowledge for marine protected area planning in California. Marine Policy. 28(4): 335-349.

Smith, M. D. and J.E. Wilen. 2003. Economic impacts of marine reserves: the importance of spatial behavior. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 46: 183-206.

Weible, C. M. 2007. An advocacy coalition framework approach to stakeholder analysis: understanding the political context of California marine protected area policy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 17:95-117.

Weible, C. M. and P. A. Sabatier. 2005. Comparing policy networks: Marine protected areas in California. The Policy Studies Journal. 33:181-201.

Weible, C., P. A. Sabatier and M. Lubell. 2004. A Comparison of a Collaborative and Top-Down Approach to the use of Science in Policy: Establishing Marine Protected Areas in California. Policy Studies Journal 32(2): 187.

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Larval Production and Transport

Becker, B. J., L. A. Levin, F. J. Fodrie and P. A. McMillan. 2007. Complex larval connectivity patterns among marine invertebrate populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104:3267-3272.

Berkeley, S. A., C. Chapman and S.M. Sogard. 2004. Maternal Age as a Determinant of Larval Growth and Survival in a Marine Fish, Sebastes Melanops. Ecology. 85(5): 1258-1264.

Berkeley, S. A., M. A. Hixon, R. J. Larson and M. S. Love. 2004. Fisheries Sustainability via Protection of Age Structure and Spatial Distribution of Fish Populations. Fisheries 29(8): 23-32.

Blanchette, C. A., B. R. Broitman and S. D. Gaines. 2006. Intertidal community structure and oceanographic patterns around Santa Cruz Island, CA, USA. Marine Biology. 149:689-701.

Bobko, S.J. and S.A. Berkeley. 2004. Maturity, ovarian cycle, fecundity, and age-specific parturition of black rockfish (Sebastes melanops). Fisheries Bulletin 102:418-429.

Fisher, R., S. M. Sogard and S. A. Berkeley. 2007. Trade-offs between size and energy reserves reflect alternative strategies for optimizing larval survival potential in rockfish. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 344:2657-270.

Grantham, B.A., G.L. Eckert, and A.L. Shanks. 2003. Dispersal Potential of Marine Invertebrates in Diverse Habitats. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S108-S116.

Jessopp, M. J. and R. J. McAllen. 2007. Water retention and limited larval dispersal: implications for short and long distance dispersers in marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 333:27-36.

Kaplan, D. M. 2006. Alongshore advection and marine reserves: consequences for modeling and management. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 309:11-24.

Kinlan, B. P., S. D. Gaines and S. E. Lester. 2005. Propagule dispersal and the scales of marine community process. Diversity and Distributions. 11:139-148.

Largier, J.L. 2003. Considerations in Estimating Larval Dispersal Distances From Oceanographic Data. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S71-S89.

Lester, S. E., B. I. Ruttenberg, S. D. Gaines and B. P. Kinlan. 2007. The relationship between dispersal ability and geographic range size. Ecology Letters. 10:745-758.

Love, M. S., D. M. Schroeder and W. H. Lenarz. 2005. Distribution of boccacio (Sebastes paucispinis) and cowcod (Sebastes levis) around oil platforms and natural outcrops off California with implications for larval production. Bulletin of Marine Science. 77:397-408.

Mace, A. J. and S. G. Morgan. 2006. Larval accumulation in the lee of a small headland: implications for the design of marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 318:19-29.

Palumbi, S.R. 2004. Why Mothers Matter. Nature 430: 621-622.

Shanks, A.L., B.A. Grantham, and M.H. Carr. 2003. Propagule Dispersal Distance and the Size and Spacing of Marine Reserves. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S159-S169.

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MPA Modeling

Armstrong, C. W. and A. Skonhoft. 2006. Marine reserves: A bio-economic model with asymmetric density dependent migration. Ecological Economics. 57:466-476.

Gardmark, A., N. Jonzen and M. Mangel. 2006. Density-dependent body growth reduces the potential of marine reserves to enhance yields. Journal of Applied Ecology. 43:61-69.

Gerber, L.R., L.W. Botsford, A. Hastings, H.P. Possingham, S.D. Gaines, S.R. Palumbi, and S. Andelman. 2003. Population Models for Marine Reserve Design: A Retrospective and Prospective Synthesis. Ecological Applications 13(1) Supplement: S47-S64.

Guénette, S. and T.J. Pitcher. 1999. An age-structured model showing the benefits of marine reserves in controlling overexploitation. Fisheries Research 39: 295-303

Hall, D. C., J. V. Hall and S. N. Murray. 2002. Contingent valuation of marine protected areas: southern California rocky intertidal ecosystems. Natural Resource Modeling. 15:335-368.

Holland, D. S. 2002. Integrating marine protected areas into models for fishery assessment and management. Natural Resource Modeling. 15:369-386.

Kaplan, D. M. and L. W. Botsford. 2005. Effects of variability in spacing of coastal marine reserves on fisheries yield and sustainability. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 62:905-912.

Langlois, T. J. and W. J. Ballantine. 2005. Marine ecological research in New Zealand: Developing predictive models through the study of no-take marine reserves. Conservation Biology. 19:1763-1770.

Pitchford, J. W., E. A. Codling and D. Psarra. 2007. Uncertainty and sustainability in fisheries and the benefit of marine protected areas. Ecological Modeling. 207:286-292.

Walters, C., R. Hilborn and R. Parrish. 2007. An equilibrium model for predicting the efficacy of marine protected areas in coastal environments. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 64:1009-1018.

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Human Impacts on the Marine Environment

Addessi, L. 1994. Human disturbance and long-term changes on a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Applications. 4:768-797.

Brown, P. J. and R. B. Taylor. 1999. Effects of trampling by humans on animals inhabiting coralline algal turf in the rocky intertidal. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 235:45-53.

Casu, D., G. Ceccherelli , M. Curini-Galletti and A. Castelli. 2006. Human exclusion from rocky shores in a mediterranean marine protected area (MPA): An opportunity to investigate the effects of trampling. Environmental Research. 62:15-32.

Coleman, F.C. , W.F. Figueira, J.S. Ueland and L.B. Crowder. 2004. The Impact of United States Recreational Fisheries on Marine Fish Populations. Scienceexpress. 3pp.

Cooke, S.J. and I.G. Cowx. 2004. The Role of Recreational Fishing in Global Fish Crises. Bioscience 54(9): 857-859.

Fisher, J. A. and K. T. Frank. 2004. Abundance-distribution relationships and conservation of exploited marine fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 279:201-213.

Forde, S. E. 2002. Modelling the effects of an oil spill on open populations of intertidal invertebrates. Journal of Applied Ecology. 39:595-604.

Jackson, J.B.C., M.X. Kirby, W.H. Berger, K.A. Bjorndal, L.W. Botsford, B.J. Bourque, R.H. Bradbury, R. Cooke, J. Erlandson, J.A. Estes, T.P. Hughes, S. Kidwell, C.B. Lange, H.S. Lenihan, J.M. Pandolfi, C.H. Peterson, R.S. Steneck, M.J. Tegner, R.R. Warner. 2001. Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems. Science 293(27): 629-638.

Kido, J.S. and S.N. Murray. 2003. Variation in owl limpet Lottia gigantea population structures, growth rates, and gonadal production on southern California rocky shores. Marine Ecology Progress Series 257: 111-124.

Murray, S. N., T. G. Denis, J. S. Kido and J. R. Smith. 1999. Human visitation and the frequency and potential effects of collecting on rocky intertidal populations in Southern California marine reserves. CalCOFI Report. 40:100-106.

Roy, K., A. G. Collins, B. J. Becker, E. Begovic and J. M. Engle. 2003. Anthropogenic impacts and historical decline in body size of rocky intertidal gastropods in southern California. Ecology Letters. 6:205-211.

Saenz-Arroyo, A., C. M. Roberts, J. Torre, M. Carino-Olvera and J. P. Hawkins. 2006. The value of evidence about past abundance: marine fauna of the Gulf of California through the eyes of 16th to 19th century travellers. Fish and Fisheries. 7:128-146.

Smith, J. R. and S. N. Murray. 2005. The effects of experimental bait collection and trampling on a Mytilus californianus mussel bed in southern California. Marine Biology. 147:699-706.

Sonnenholzner, J. I., L. B. Ladah and K. D. Lafferty. 2007. Cascading effects of fishing on Galapagos rocky reef communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 343:77-85.

Speckman, S. G., J. F. Piatt and A. M. Springer. 2004. Small boats disturb fish-holding marbled murrelets. Northwestern Naturalist. 85:32-34.